LexisNexis(TM) Academic - DocumentCopyright 2005 The Financial Times Limited
Financial Times (London, England)
August 3, 2005 Wednesday
Asia Edition 1
SECTION: COMMENT; Pg. 11
LENGTH: 882 words
HEADLINE: The irrepressible rise of the renminbi FRED HU
BYLINE: By FRED HU
BODY:
Since China engineered a stunning change in the way it manages its currency, many people have expressed disappointment with the modest size of the renminbi's appreciation. But these critics have missed the crucial point: the renminbi is no longer a currency rigidly pegged against the dollar, but one whose value will move up and down in response to changing economic and market Âfundamentals.
Exchange rate flexibility, not a one-off revaluation, is what really matters. A more flexible renminbi enables China to regain monetary control and maintain macroeconomic stability. A steadily strengthening renminbi dulls China's pain from ever rising oil and raw materials prices and improves the country's terms of trade. China may also have helped rein in the rising protectionism of the US Congress.
As expected, the reform has prompted other Asian currencies to move towards greater flexibility, with Malaysia immediately following China's lead. Asian currency appreciation - together with robust demand-boosting policies in the European Union and Japan, and muscular fiscal-deficit containment strategies in the US - is essential to correct widening global imbalances that put the world economy at risk.
While the renminbi may well continue to strengthen against the basket of trading partner currencies, it is no longer a one-way bet. Even under the new regime, the People's Bank of China (PBoC) reserves the right to intervene should there be speculative excess. Sensible economic policies, sound macroeconomic fundamentals and continuing capital controls should go a long way to discourage short-term speculative capital flows, thereby dampening large fluctuations of the renminbi.
While it has obvious limitations, China's managed float system makes good sense. The built-in flexibility allows the renminbi to be responsive to market forces, while the "managed part" still satisfies the authorities' strong desire for "basic stability" of the nominal exchange rate. In contrast to the pure free float, the hybrid mechanism can prevent excessive exchange rate volatility that could have a negative impact on external trade and investment.
Rather than being distracted by an elusive quest for the "perfect system", China is wise to focus on improving the working of the managed float regime it now has in place, and undertake broader medium-term financial reforms. First, China should build up the credibility of the new currency system by demonstrating that the renminbi truly has flexibility. That means that, barring exceptional market turbulence, the PBoC should generally refrain from active interventions in the currency market. If market forces dictate that the renminbi appreciates say, 10-15 per cent or more over 12 months, the PBoC ought to learn to live with that. China should resist the temptation of currency manipulation that disrupts the market-based mechanism and generates policy uncertainty.
Second, establish a competitive currency market by broadening private sector participation. Currency trading should no longer be restricted to a handful of licensed domestic banks. Above all, the dominant role of the PBoC itself should be curtailed. The market should be opened up to all foreign financial institutions - banks, insurance companies and fund management and securities firms that have established a presence in China. These financial institutions should be able to deal directly with their customers, including domestic companies and Âmultinationals operating in China. Broader participation boosts trading volume and liquidity as well as Âcompetition, so the spot exchange rate better reflects underlying demand and supply.
Third, speed up the liberalisation of domestic interest rates, develop an on-shore foreign exchange forward market and introduce derivative instruments that enable financial institutions and companies to hedge forex risks.
Fourth, accelerate banking and capital market reforms. No exchange rate system can be a substitute for the critical role of an efficient domestic financial system. China is engaged in restructuring, recapitalising and partially privatising its biggest state-owned banks. Well-managed banks and non-bank financial institutions are better equipped to cope with currency risks associated with greater exchange rate flexibility, and form the foundation for financial stability.
Last, as China makes steady progress in transforming its ailing financial sector into a healthier and more efficient financial system, it should gradually liberalise capital controls so the renminbi becomes fully convertible under the capital account. The renminbi exchange rate will be determined in the future not only by trade and long-term capital flows, but also by cross-border portfolio flows.
If China establishes a solid track record in these policy reforms and gains international credibility in its management of monetary and exchange rate affairs, one can easily foresee that the renminbi will find ever increasing prominence in global commerce and finance. It is likely that within a decade the Chinese renminbi will join the dollar, the euro and the yen as the fourth major reserve currency in the international monetary and financial system.
The writer, a managing director of Goldman Sachs, is a professor at Tsinghua University, Beijing
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